In Roman Times, Abortion And The Destruction Of Unwanted Essays

In Roman times, abortion and the destruction of unwanted children was permissible, but as out civilization has aged, it seems that such acts were no longer acceptable by rational human beings, so that in 1948, Canada along with most other nations in the world signed a declaration of the United Nations promising every human being the right to life. The World Medical Association meeting in Geneve at the same time, stated that the utmost respect for human life was to be from the moment of conception. This declaration was re-affirmed when the World Medical Association met in Oslo in 1970. Should we go backwards in our concern for the life of an individual human being? The unborn human is still a human life and not all the wishful thinking of those advocating repeal of abortion laws, can alter this. Those of us who would seek to protect the human who is still to small to cry aloud for it's own protection, have been accused of having a 19th Century approach to life in the last third of the 20th Century. But who in reality is using arguments of a bygone Century? It is an incontrovertible fact of biological science - Make no Mistake - that from the moment of conception, a new human life has been created. Only those who allow their emotional passion to overide their knowledge, can deny it: only those who are irrational or ignorant of science, doubt that when a human sperm fertilizes a human ovum a new human being is created. A new human being who carries genes in its cells that make that human being uniquely different from any and other human being and yet, undeniably a member, as we all are, of the great human family. All the fetus needs to grow into a babe, a child, an old man, is time, nutrition and a suitable environment. It is determined at that very moment of conception whether the baby will be a boy or a girl; which of his parents he will look like; what blood type he will have. His whole heritage is forever fixed. Look at a human being 8 weeks after conception and you, yes every person here who can tell the difference between a man and a women, will be able to look at the fetus and tell me whether it is a baby boy or a girl. No, a fetus is not just another part of a women's body like an appendix or appendage. These appendages, these perfectly formed tiny feel belong to a 10 week developed baby, not to his or her mother. The fetus is distinct and different and has it's own heart beat. Do you know that the fetus' heart started beating just 18 days after a new life was created, beating before the mother even knew she was pregnant? By 3 months of pregnancy the developing baby is just small enough to be help in the palm of a man's hand but look closely at this 3 month old fetus. All his organs are formed and all his systems working. He swims, he grasps a pointer, he moves freely, he excretes urine. If you inject a sweet solution into the water around him, he will swallaw because he likes the taste. Inject a bitter solution and he will quit swallowing because he does not like the taste. By 16 weeks it is obvious to all, except those who have eyes but deliberately do not see, that this is a young human being. Who chooses life or death for this little one because abortion is the taking of a human life? This fact is undeniable; however much of the members of the Women's Liberation Movement, the new Feminists, Dr. Henry Morgentaler or the Canadian Medical Association President feel about it, does not alter the fact of the matter. An incontrovertible fact that cannot change as feelings change. If abortion is undeniably the taking of human life and yet sincere misguided people feel that it should be just a personal matter between a women and the doctor, there seems to be 2 choices open to them. (1) That they would believe that other acts of destruction of human beings such as infanticide and homicide should be of no concern of society and therefore, eliminate them from the criminal code. This I cannot believe is the thinking of the majority, although the tendency for doctors to respect the selfish desire of parents and not treat the newborn defective with a necessary lifesaving measure, is becoming increasingly more common. (2) But

An Investigation To Find The Value For g. Essays

An Investigation To Find The Value For g. Essays An Investigation To Find The Value For g. Essay An Investigation To Find The Value For g. Essay Research Question: Can we and, if we can, how can we find a value for g using a simple pendulum? Hypothesis: I believe we are able to find a suitable value for g using a simple pendulum with laboratory apparatus. I feel that a value between 9.6 and 10.2 will be appropriate. Variables: The variables involved in the experiment will be: * The length of the pendulum. We can have different lengths so as to calculate a more accurate value for g. This is a controlled variable because it is controlled by us, the students doing the experiment. * The time taken for one oscillation. This depends on the length of the pendulum and so varies with the length of the pendulum. However it is an independent variable because the students are not able to control the time taken for one oscillation. Planning B Apparatus: 1. Clamp and stand to support the pendulum. 2. String 3. A suitable mass for the bob of the pendulum. 4. A stopwatch to time the time taken for one oscillation. Procedure: 1. Set-up the apparatus as shown in the diagram below for a 50cm length. 2. Pull the bob of the pendulum back about 5cm-10cm and let it go. 3. Start the stopwatch and measure the time it takes for twenty oscillations. Then you can divide by twenty to get an accurate average value for the time. 4. Repeat step three to further increase the accuracy of your values. 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 with lengths of 60cm, 70cm, 80cm, 90cm and 100 cm. And store the values on a table. 6. Use the formula T=2? ?(l/g) to then find an approximate value for g by plotting a graph. In the graph, plot l vs T2 and draw a line that passes through most of the points. 7. Re arrange the formula above to give g=4?2(l/T2). 8. From the equation, we can see that, (l/T2) is the slope, gradient, of the graph. So we find the gradient of the graph, then we multiply by 4?2 to get the value for g. 9. Because the length is in cm, we will need to divide our final value for g by 100 to get the units of g with meters. I.e. instead of having cms-2, we have ms-2, which is more preferred. Diagram: Data Collection Before starting the experiment; a table, like the one below, can be made to record the data as it is observed. Table: Length (cm) Time for 20 oscillations (sec) Time for 1 oscillation (sec) T2 (sec) T1 T2 Tavg 50 28.2 28.4 28.3 1.415 2.002225 60 30.7 31.3 31.0 1.550 2.402500 70 33.5 33.9 33.7 1.685 2.839224 80 35.1 35.3 35.2 1.760 3.097600 90 37.5 37.7 37.6 1.880 3.534400 100 40.4 40.6 40.5 2.025 4.100625 Data Presentation Using the formula T=2(l/g) we see that there are no constants being added or subtracted, so when the line has to pass through the origin. Graph: As we saw in the graph, the line is of best fit so the value of g may vary depending on how I decided to place the line. The graph passes through the origin because if there was no length, there would be no path for the pendulum to swing and thus we would not be able to calculate a value for g. So, taking two points from the graph we can calculate the slope if the graph. Two points: (0,0) and (1,25) Gradient of the line = (?l)-( ?T2) So the gradient= (25-0)/(1-0) So the equation becomes: g=4?2(25) So g is calculated to be approximately 986.96 cms-2. When we divide by 100 to get g in ms-2, we get g ? 9.87 ms-2. Conclusion: In conclusion, we see that the calculated value of g is approximately 9.87 ms-2. However the textbook value for g is 9.80665 ms-2. The two values are very close and so there may not have been much error. The procedure was efficient, but could have been made more accurate by involving more lengths e.g. from 10cm to 100cm at intervals of 10cm. Also I could have recorded the time taken for 30 oscillations to obtain further accuracy. Also instead of drawing a graph, I could have used the equation, g=4?2(l/T2), and substituted the lengths and corresponding times to get different values for g. Then calculate the average of all the values.

World Hunger and Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Hunger and Poverty - Essay Example Despite the wealth of that exists in the developed countries there are many parts of the world in which people live in poverty and often suffer from hunger and malnutrition due to a lack of food. There are approximately 156 emerging economies in the world. An emerging economy is a country that has a gross domestic product per capita below $9,000. The majority of the poverty in the world is located in these nations. It is estimated that over 3 billion people across the world are living on $2.50 or less a day of income (Globalissues). Extreme poverty is directly correlated with hunger. When people lack the economic resources or income necessary to cover for living expenses families often suffer from hunger. Hunger can be defined as the uneasy or painful sensation caused by want of food; craving appetite (Worldhunger). A related health problem associated with hunger is malnutrition. Malnutrition refers to a lack of the proper diet in which the person does not receive the nutrients necessary for human health. In 2010 there were 925 million people that suffered from hunger. The majority of those people were located in Asia & Pacific and in the Sub-Sahara African region. The increase in world hunger is due to three factors: 1. Neglect of agriculture relevant in areas where very poor people live by government and international agencies 2. The current worldwide economic crisis which started in 2008 3. Food price inflation (Worldhunger). The rise in food prices is a major problem that is hurting the quality of life of po or people in America and billions of humans living in poverty in the world. The total inflation in the United States since 2000 is 31.5% (Usinflationcalculator). Inflation lowers the purchasing power of a person. Inflation has a greater detrimental effect in people that have very low income since it lowers their purchasing power. The amount of hungry people in the world represents over 13% of the world’s population. The problem cannot be ignored any longer and solutions must be found soon. The innocent victims of poverty and hunger are the children. There are over one billion children living in poverty in the world. Children due to their weaker immune system are not able to survive with insufficient food as many days as adults. â€Å"Children who are poorly nourished suffer up to 160 days of illness each year† (Worldhunger). Many of these children simply cannot survive these inhumane conditions and as a consequence millions of kids are dying every year. Over 5 million children died last year of malnutrition. There are non-profit organizations such as Feed The Children

Increase in Diabetic Blood Sugars Research Paper

Increase in Diabetic Blood Sugars - Research Paper Example In the former, insulin dosage has to be carefully titrated in order to keep an optimum level of glucose in blood so that associated complications are not triggered. In the latter, quantity and type of food intake have to be optimized and required medication/s taken in order to keep the blood glucose level at an appropriate level. However, as this monitoring has to be done on an almost daily basis, either by the patient himself/herself, or by the attending healthcare professional, it becomes cumbersome for both as the frequent jabs are irritating and accuracy of the measuring instrument and reagents are critical factors. It therefore becomes essential for a trained nursing professional to be thoroughly competent in the art so that no errors occur while monitoring and taking care of diabetic patients. In the past such tests used to involve detailed and laborious time consuming procedures in the laboratory in which the results took some time to be delivered. However, with the recent adv ent of auto analyzer technologies and portable blood glucose monitoring instruments, it has become a relatively easy task. The operation of such instruments however need to be error free and mastered individually by every nursing practitioner. Problem Statement It has been observed that student nurses’ involved in ADN Programs are susceptible to medication errors due to paucity of training and lack experience in handling instruments during initial years of their practice. It therefore becomes essential to familiarize and train them thoroughly in the art of handling diagnostic and medication equipment which they are going to encounter in their respective areas of practice. A nurse educator should therefore ensure that the students’ under her supervision are exposed to all nuances of the area of practice they are being trained in. This study will endeavor to uncover any lacunae in the student nurses being trained for handling diabetic patients. Purpose of the Study To en sure that the students are well versed with the technical intricacies of handling diabetic patients and confident of handling diagnostic equipment in order to monitor blood glucose levels. Evaluation of their skills after exposure to a simulated scenario for monitoring blood glucose levels. Significance of the Study Well trained nurses are the lifeline of diabetic patients as they are the ones supervising them directly. A hypoglycemic crisis can be life threatening and unbridled hyperglycemia can lead to other medical complications. Apt and accurate handling of monitoring equipment can therefore be a life saving practice. Research Question(s) 1. To find out whether the student nurses’ are capable of handling diagnostic and monitoring equipment and taking informed decisions while handling diabetic patients. 2. To check the awareness of student nurses’ about the importance of risks due to medication error/s and their sequel while monitoring diabetic patients after exposu re to a simulated scenario. Literature Review Diabetes is diagnosed by its typical symptoms and confirmed by measurement of plasma glucose. Measurement after 8-12 hours of fasting (fasting plasma glucose [FPG]), or 2 hours after ingestion of a concentrated glucose solution (oral glucose tolerance testing [GTT]) are the tests employed for diagnosis (Crandall, 2007). Type I diabetes is primarily insulin

Biometric identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Biometric identification - Essay Example 36). With the contemporary popularity as well as prospective profits of conducting transactions electronically, many organization executives experience a conflict situation. In other words, online connections to expand their sales are likely to lead to threats and risks of intrusion. Alternatively, staying disconnected from this very internet will bind them to sacrifice their client contact as well as services to their existing competitors. In order to transact most business dealings, and to convey electronic mail, the internet makes use of mail transfer protocol (Jain et al. 92). These transmissions possess as much confidentiality as a postcard. In other words, it travels over untrusted and insecure lines. This implies that anybody who is at any point along the path of transmission can access the message and hence read its content using the word processing program or text viewer. Also, since these transmission lines are not secure, forging e-mail or using the name of another person is easy. This has made theft of identity one of the leading fraud incidences. An individual can claim that another person sent a message, for instance, to terminate an order or evade paying an invoice. Both in the private and in the public sectors, organizations are cognizant of the needs and importance of internet security (Jain et al. 93). Both sectors, therefore, have led to measures that safeguard their internet data and business systems. However, the most appropriate way to prevent an intruder from accessing the network is by providing a security wall in between the corporate network and the intruder. Since these intruders accesses the system by the use of a software program, like a virus, or through a direct connection, user authentication, data encryption, and firewalls can somewhat prevent these intruders who intend to hack such networks. The first step to beefing up

Differences Between Unitary Government And Federal Government Politics Essay

Differences Between Unitary Government And Federal Government Politics Essay In a unitary government, the power is held by one central authority but in a federal government, the power is divided between national government or federal government and local governments or states government. Federal government has multiple hierarchy levels, with both the central authority and the states (or provinces) both being sovereign. Furthermore, the central or national rules override the state rules. It also has balance between them for example the United State. It is shared between  national  and  local  levels. In a federal form of government, the term federal is also used to refer to the national level of government. However, for unitary government there is no hierarchy of sovereign powers. It is a state which has no authority to make their own laws and the government can only order the states to do anything. For example is Japan. Japan is a federal government which has a huge percentage of power. The advantages and disadvantages of Unitary Government Advantages The advantages of unitary government are it is single and decisive legislative. It has a simple management of an economy and the government is smaller.  It is uniformity of policies, laws, enforcement and administration of laws, government and others. Its also less duplication of services and a fewer conflicts between national and local government will occur. Disadvantages The disadvantages of using this type of system are it has slow government response. For example, there is no state National Guard that could be dispatched in emergency, troops would have to be mobilized from national authority. It is also easily looses track of local issues. Other than that, it is incredibly disruptive form of government where everyone is forced to compete with everyone else for priority. Since it is trying to take the place of federal and state governments, the unitary governments typical get distended and bogged down. Finally, it has huge system of government that is even larger than what this country has. The Advantages and the disadvantages of Federalism Advantages Every province has political, social and economic problems unusual to the region itself. Provincial government representatives live in close immediacy to the people and are most of the times from the same group of people so that they are in a better situation to understand these problems and offer distinctive solutions for them. For example, traffic jam in Oahu, Hawaii is a problem that can be best solved by the local government, keeping general factors in mind, rather than by somebody living in New York. Federalism offers depiction to different populations. Citizens of a range of provinces may have different aspirations, ethnicity and follow different cultures. The central government can sometimes fail to notice these differences and assume policies which cater to the majority. This is where the regional government steps in. While formulating policies, local needs, tastes and opinions are given due consideration by the state governments. Rights of the minorities are protected too. For example, in states like Arizona where there is a large Hispanic population and therefore, a large number of schools provide bilingual education. State governments have the freedom to adopt policies which may not be followed nationally or by any other state. For example, same sex marriages are not recognized by the federal government of USA but they are given legal status within the states of Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont and Massachusetts. Division of work between the central and the regional governments leads to optimum exploitation of resources. The central government can concentrate more on global affairs and defense of the country while the provincial government can provide to the local needs.   Federalism has room for improvement and testing. Two local governments can have two different approaches to bring reforms in any area of public area, be it taxes or education. The comparison of the results of these policies can give a clear suggestion of which policy is better and thus, can be adopted in the upcoming. Disadvantages Sharing of power between the Center and the states includes both advantages and disadvantages of federation. Sometimes there can be overlap of work and a following misunderstanding regarding who is responsible for what. For example, when typhoon Katrina hit Greater New Orleans, USA, in 2005, there was interruption in the salvage work as there was confusion between the state governments and the federal government on who is responsible for which disaster management work. This resulted in the loss of many lives. The federal system of government is very expensive as more people are chosen to office, both at the state and the center, than necessary. Thus, it is often said that only wealthy countries can afford it. Too many chosen representatives with overlapping roles may also lead to corruption. Other than that, it leads to unnecessary rivalry between different regions. There can be a rising by a regional government against the national government too. Both scenarios pose a threat to the countries reliability.   It is also promotes regional inequalities. Natural resources, industries, employment opportunities differ from region to region. Hence earnings and wealth are unevenly circulated Rich states offer more opportunities and benefits to its citizens than poor states can. Thus, the gap between rich and poor states widens.   It also can make the state governments selfish and concerned only about their own regions progress. They can formulate policies which might be harmful to other regions. For example, pollution from a province which is promoting industrialization in a big way can affect another region which depends exclusively on agriculture and cause crop damage. Finally, it does not eliminate poverty. Even in New York, there are poor neighborhoods like Harlem with a majority of black population. The reason for this may be that during policy framing, it is the intellectuals and not the masses who are invited by the local government.

Affirmative Action - Is it Fair? Essays -- Affirmative Action

Affirmative Action - Is it Fair Affirmative action in theory and in thought is intended to promote the welfare of this country’s minorities by supporting the idea that individuals are equal and should not be judged by race or sex. Therefore, in situations like job and university applications, we should consider minorities to be as feasible a choice for hire as a white male candidate, taking into consideration their background. In short, it tries to give minorities that have been at a disadvantage their whole life, an advantage they have never been open too All things considered, this does not happen. Instead, â€Å"quotas† are established and the discrimination that was once placed on the minorities now turns the other way. Let’s make up a hypothetical situation. You are sending in your first college application to Harvard. There is only one spot left open between you and someone who is black. You have slightly better grades, both of you excelled in sports, you have more volunteer hours, and co mpleted 2 foreign languages where he only has one. Applying affirmative action, you would not get the last position because of the need for ethnic diversity in the college atmosphere. Is that fair Is that right You clearly had a better dossier then him. If affirmative action is supposed to support the individual, why is it solely based on race and why doesn’t it apply to every situation based on the potential of the individual involved? What happens if in this hypothetical si...

Greek Stuff

THE ANCIENT GREEKS NAME ___Harrison Funk_________________________________ To complete this worksheet use the information found on the following website: http://www. mythologyteacher. com/GreekIntro. html GREEK INTRO 1. At roughly what time period was the golden age of ancient Greece? 500 B. C. 2. Who was an ancient Greek writer of fables? Homer 3. Who was a Greek mathematician? Pythrogras 4. Why should Americans study ancient Greece? We oew everything to ancient Greece. GREEK CITY-STATES 5. How is a city-state more than just a city? It had no desire to join a larger country. 6.What term was not in use during the golden age of Greece? Why not? They did not say greece so it was dotted with city-states 7. What is an agora? Assembly of the people/ town meeting THE LIFE OF A GREEK GIRL 8. How were women oppressed in ancient Greece? Treated with disrespect 9. What would happen if a family did not have a male heir? All wealth would go to the closest male relative 10. At what age did most gi rls get married? 14 11. What is a dowry? Money goods estate 12. What was the goal of every Greek wife? To produce male heir 13. When was murder completely legal in ancient Greece?When someone was caught in a affair with a married women. THE LIFE OF A GREEK BOY 14. What is a Greek adage about their newborn children? If its a boy keep it and if its a girl expose it 15. What ceremony did boys go through before becoming men? They cut their hair 16. Boys were sent to do what at the age of eighteen? Left for two years for military purposes. 17. What does the word gymnos mean? Means wearing no clothes 18. How long were men subject to the military draft? Two years 19. What is a lyre? harp 20. What is rhetoric? Is persuasive speaking 21.What was the Greek word for one who participates in sport contests? 22. What was a sophist? 23. What was the most dangerous Greek sport? 24. What is the â€Å"bible of the Greeks†? 25. The gymnasium was the ancient predecessor of what modern institutio n? 26. What were the two tools teachers used to teach reading and writing? 27. When did education end for most boys? 28. Why were Greek men expected to keep their bodies in shape? GREEK RELIGION 29. According to the Greek moral code, what two crimes were capital offenses? 30. Explain how Greece did not have a strict religious code: 31.Spotting what kind of bird during the daytime foretold death? 32. What could priests tell from an animal’s organs? 33. What does fortuitous mean? 34. What is a pantheon? 35. What is augury? 36. What usually occurred after a Greek sacrifice? 37. Where did the Oracle of Delphi sit? 38. Which god or goddess was most honored in Athens? 39. Whom did kings consult to learn their future? GREEK DEMOCRACY 40. How did citizens vote sometimes vote in Athens? 41. What groups were excluded from Athenian citizenship? 42. What type of democracy did Athens have? GREEK OLYMPICS 43. When did the first Olympics occur? 4. What Olympic contest was held at the Olympi an hippodrome? 45. Were the Olympics the only games held in ancient Greece? 46. What was the Heraia? 47. What are the five sports in the pentathlon? SPARTA 48. How were the lives of Spartan women different from the lives of Athenian women? 49. Sparta was one of the few societies to produce no _______. 50. Spartan boys started their training at what age? 51. Spartan boys were yearly flogged for what reason? 52. What did an apprenticeship of a young boy to an older boy accomplish? 53. How were Spartan boys taught stealth? 54.What did the Spartans do with their unwanted children? Toss them of a cliff 55. What story demonstrated the Spartan discipline? 56. What was a Spartan wedding night ritual? 57. What word is a synonym for gorge? 58. Sparta was completely dedicated to the art of what? HIPPOCRATES 59. Hippocrates is often called: 60. How many children died in ancient Greece before the age of ten? 61. What is leeching? 62. Write one line from the Hippocratic Oath: ALEXANDER THE GREAT 63. How old was Alexander the Great when he became the King of Macedon? 64. What did Alexander spread around the world? 65.What empire did Alexander conquer? 66. What did Alexander the great die of? 67. Why was Alexander a successful conqueror? SOCRATES & PLATO 68. How was Socrates different from the sophists? 69. Who were the â€Å"scientists† of ancient Greek? 70. What does philosophy mean in Greek? 71. What poison did Socrates drink? 72. What is the Socratic Method? 73. What was Plato’s Academy named for? 74. What was the charge brought against Socrates? HOMER, THE ILIAD & ODYSSEY 75. How was the dark age of Greece different from the golden age of Greece? 76. What are three rumors concerning Homer the poet? 77.What is an â€Å"epic poem†? 78. What is the plot of the Odyssey? 79. What started the Trojan War? 80. When did the â€Å"real† Trojan War probably occur? 81. Which did the Greeks like better: the Iliad or Odyssey? Why? HERODOTUS 82. Herodotus is often called: 83. What wars did Herodotus write about? 84. What else did Herodotus write about? 85. What is â€Å"western civilization†? GREEK SLAVERY 86. Most Greek households had how many slaves? 87. What does humane mean? 88. What is the rack? 89. What were lawyers allowed to do to slaves in order to get information? 90. What were three jobs a slave might receive? 91.Where did the Greeks obtain their slaves? DEATH & BURIAL 92. Greeks believed your spirit would never be at rest if: 93. What were two capital offenses in ancient Greece? 94. What is a garland? 95. What is a libation? GREEK WARFARE 96. How did one warship defeat another? 97. How did the rowers on a warship keep in time with each other? 98. Sparta was known for its infantry; Athens was known for its ________. 99. What is a hoplite? 100. Where did Sparta and Athens stop King Xerxes’ march into Greece? 101. What is a phalanx? GREEK THEATER 102. How many spectators could be seated in the theatron? 03. What amplified the voices of Greek actors? 104. What are satyrs? 105. What does obscene mean in Greek? 106. What innovation did Sophocles create? 107. What is a chorus? 108. What is catharsis? 109. What theatrical innovation did the playwright Aeschylus come up with? 110. What type of play is a crude parody? 111. What type of play tells the downfall of a noble character? 112. Who was the patron god of the theater? 113. Whose opinion did the chorus represent in Greek plays? 114. Why are modern actors called thespians? 115. Which type of play made fun of daily life in Athens?

English Extension Crime Speech- Agatha Christie Essays

English Extension Crime Speech- Agatha Christie Essays English Extension Crime Speech- Agatha Christie Paper English Extension Crime Speech- Agatha Christie Paper Speech Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller was born on the 15th September in Torquay England, in 1890. From a young age, Christie loved writing stories for her friends and family, her first novel â€Å"The Mysterious Affair at Styles† was published in 1920, when Christie was only thirty years old. Christie was of British nationality, and married twice in her lifetime, first to Archibald Christie, then later to Max Mallowan until her death on the 12th January 1976 in Wallingford, England. Christie accomplished many significant literary achievements in her lifetime, including: * The Mystery Writers of America Grand Master award 1955 * An honorary degree from Exeter University1961 * Became president of The British Detection Club in 1967 * And in 1971 she received England’s highest honor, the Order of the British Empire, Dame Commander. From her first novel, â€Å"The mysterious Affair at Styles† in 1920, her novels increasedin mystery and suspense, introducing two new detectives: Miss Jane Marple and Hercule Poirot, who featured in almost all of her later novels. Witness for the Prosecution† 1925, â€Å"the A. B. C Murders† 1936 and â€Å"The Pale Horse† 1961 are just three of Christie’s seventy-nine novels significant in shaping her growing identity as a Crime Fiction author. Many of Christie’s novels were shaped around her own personal experiences. These include â€Å"Murder on The Orient Express† 1934 and â€Å" Death on The Nile†. Having knowledge of the setting as well as the history of the location where the novel is set adds extensive authenticity to the novel. Christie’s novels were written in the â€Å"Golden Age† and were considered â€Å"cosy† crime fiction. Significant events took place before and during Christie’s writing that may have influenced her perception of the crime genre. Specific wars or war-like events such as World War I, World War II, The Korean War and the Civil War in Lebanon may have introduced new ideas into the crime fiction genre. One of Christie’s novels, â€Å"Murder on The Orient Express† had foundations of real events, such as the kidnapping of the Armstrong baby is 1932, just before the novel was written. Such events also add to the authenticity of the novel. The crash of the stock market in 1929 brought many hardships to society, and many authors such as Christie were forced to cease work due to the effects of the Great Depression, such as a significant decrease in availability of resources and hardly anyone having any money to purchase the novels anyway. As history evolved, so did new ideas about society. The fifties were a time of peacemaking, with segregation rules illegal in the United Stated in 1954, and the peace symbol created in 1958. This idea of peace keeping was abruptly interrupted in 1963 when JFK was assassinated. Although assassinations were not a new thing, the juxtaposition of JFK’s introduced new ideas into the crime genre. Crime fiction has changed rapidly overtime, from cosy to realist to hard-boiled, and everything in between. Edgar Allan Poe was one of the greatest crime writers of all time, influencing the crime-genre for centuries with his novels â€Å"The murders in the Rue Morgue† in 1841 and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† in 1843. Agatha Christie’s â€Å"Murder on the Orient Express† 1934 introduced Hercule Poirot, the detective in many of her later novels. Poirot is described as an intellectual, witty detective who pays extremely close attention to minor details of the crime. â€Å"Murder On The Orient Express† describes the murder of Mr Ratchett, stabbed twelve times, all stab wounds seeming to be delivered with different forces. The situation of the crime is revealed in chapter five of the novel; the morning after Poirot hears loud noises coming from Mr. Ratchett’s compartment. M. Bouc, another detective-like character on the train, informs Poirot not only that the train had stopped in the middle of the night due to a snowstorm, but also â€Å"†¦ a passenger lies dead in his berth†¦ stabbed. Poirot is sickened but not surprised, as Mr. Ratchett was informing Poirot the previous day that his life was in danger, and that he had many enemies. The reader is left guessing as to why he had enemies, why he got murdered, and by whom. This draws suspicion upon the twelve passengers on the carriage, and Mr. Ratchett as to if he was unjustly murdered, or if he was in fact a criminal. The introduction to the detective is very significant to the novel. Poirot notices that the train is particularly crowded for the time of year. The clues soon follow. Poirot overhears a conversation between two passengers, Miss Debenham and Colonal Arbuthnot â€Å"Not now. Not now. When its all over. When its behind us- then- . † Drawing suspicion on the relationship between these characters. A woman ion a scarlet kimono is seen walking down the corridor after the murder, a button from one of the conductors is found on the floor of Mrs. Hubbards compartment, as well as a bloody knife in her sponge bag. Mrs. Hibbard also claims that she witnessed the murderer in her berth. A handkerchief with the initial â€Å"H† and a pipe cleaner were found in Mr. Ratchet’s compartment, as well as a burned note with the name â€Å"Cassetti† on it, as well as a sleeping draught dissolved in a glass of water on sink. These clues suggest a clumsy murder, but Poirot believes it was a very organized crime. The investigation of the crime proves that the crime was highly sophisticated and thought out. Poirot discovers the false identities of many of the passengers such as Countess Andryeni or â€Å"Helena Goldenberg†. The elimation of clues assisted in the investigation of the crime, as many â€Å"clues† were found to be distractions such as the woman in the scarlet kimono. Mr Ratchett was found to be a criminal and had many enemies, as his real name was Cassetti, the leader of the gang that kidnapped and murdered Daisy Armstrong, the daughter of Sonia and Colonel Armstrong. The investigation led to the discovery that all twelve passengers were the criminals, and may of them hid their identities so Poirot would not be able to link them to the murder of Cassetti. Poirot found twelve stab wounds on the Vitim, all delivered with different force, and there happened to be twelve passengers on the carriage where Mr. Ratchettt was murdered. Through inspection of the stab wounds, Poirot and his team discovered that every stab wound was delivered by a different person. This proved Poirot’s theory that all twelve passengers were responsible for the crime and were each somehow connected to Daisy Armstrong. Hector MacQueen was Ratchett’s secretary, and devoted to Sonia Armstrong. MacQueens father was the attorney for the kidnapping case of Daisy Armstrong. He knew from his father the details of Cassettis escape from justice. Masterman was Ratchett valet, and was Colonel Armstrongs soldier during the war. Colonel Arbuthnot was Colonel Armstrongs best friend. Mrs. Hubbard in actuality was Linda Arden, the most famous tragic actress of the New York stage, and was Sonia Armstrongs mother and Daisys grandmother Countess Andrenyi or Helena Goldenberg was Sonia Armstrongs sister; Count Andryeni was the husband of Helena Andrenyi; Princess Natalia Dragomiroff was Sonia Armstrongs godmother as she was a friend of her mother; Miss Mary Debenham was Sonia Armstrongs secretary and Daisy Armstrongs governess; Fraulein Hildegarde Schmidt, Princess Dragomiroffs maid, was the Armstrong familys cook; Antonio Foscarelli, a car salesman, was the Armstrong familys chauffeur; Miss Greta Ohlsson, was Daisy Armstrongs nurse; Pierre Michel, the train conductor, was the father of Susanne, the Armstrongs nursemaid who committed suicide; Cyrus Hardman, a private detective ostensibly retained as a bodyguard by Ratchett/Cassetti, was a policeman in love with Susanne.

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buy custom Final Paper essay It is very important that an organization puts effective measures in place to strengthen its public relations so as to be able to operate in a favorable business environment. The essence of proper public relations cannot be over emphasized but truth be told, it forms a huge part in the activities of any organization. To achieve these targets, the organization utilized the various tools at its disposal. This paper highlights in a very deep sense the essence of creating proper channels of public relations in large-sized organizations such as (Company X) and the repercussions that become of such activities. This essay focuses on how public relations support processes such as marketing of the organizations products through developing both the image and product of the company otherwise known as publicity. It is greatly important that we recognize the fact that the public relations function would be used to attract various stakeholders for example, the organizations employees as well as certain non-target market groups. Public relations methods such as exposure to media offer proper audience as well as a potential benefit to the organization. It is important therefore that we understand the basics of public relations and its application in organizations in as far as aspects such as culture, design and structures are concerned. Worth noting is the fact that public relations help in a very big way to improve the relationship that the organization has with its external environment. Therefore, this essay will contextualize the public relations idea with the Company X forming the basis upon which projections will be made. Definition of public relations The term public relations can be described in many ways. Generally though, it is described as a process of cultivating admirable ties for organizations and its subsequent products as well as the major publics by exploring various communication channels and tools. It basically refers to the process through which various public relations officials, often tasked with curving exemplary images for the organization, team up with the news teams and various media houses to publicize an organization or the organizations product via stories in both printed and broadcasted media (Ledingham Bruning, 2001). The dynamics shaping up the contemporary world has; however, brought in a new lease of life in as far as the role of public relations is concerned. These include creating appropriate but accepted images for an organization by use of articles and other forms of representation found in media outlets that are relevant, aids the monitoring process of many media channels in as far as sentiments ab out the organization and the products are concerned, offering management to possible crises that would hurt the companys image or its product and lastly public relations has been noticed to create friendly environments for organizations as concerns their target markets. This has been made possible through exploring methods such as community participation, spendthrift and events as well as programs of specialty. In any organization, the main target of the department of public relations is to increase the organizations reputation and protect it at the same time. Importance of the public relations to the organization Owing to the competitive nature of the business field in the contemporary world, it has become increasingly important that organizations and any other business enterprises device competitive advantages over their rivals through exploring the best public relations practices. In so doing, these organizations get to market themselves to the public (customers) through the effective media. Public relations service the company through aiding in the process of giving the public domain and the media more efficient ways to understand the functioning of the organization. For the internal environment of the organization, the public relations would be referred to as public information or customer relations. These departments come in handy to the employees particularly in instances where they are burdened by problems. Through carrying out surveys and PR also helps the company to accomplish its full probable. They offer a response to the company from the public. This usually takes the variety of r esearch concerning what areas the public is most unhappy with, and or happy. A successful public relations officer has to possess certain qualities as well as skills that would help in determining the success of his or her activities. These include efficient communication skills; be it in the written form or the spoken form. An individual should be fluent and clear in the method of communication he so chooses to disseminate information. Such individuals must also have a good mastery of multitasking (Wilcox Cameron, 2011). This is actually the process of engaging in two or more activities concurrently to facilitate the process of job completion. Multitasking also helps in a big way to manage time and work within the scheduled time frames. Background information on how the media functions and the world of advertising could be added advantages. An individuals interpersonal skills should also encompass proper organizational and planning skills that would help in shaping public relation s. An individual working in the public relations department of the organization would need to be able to work under pressure. This is considering the fact that this job has its pressure points that need a lot of composure to maintain. Academic qualifications are also an added advantage. How the organization utilizes public relations to create brand and influence opinions For an organization to create a brand it has to be acting in a specific way different from competitors and in a manner that favors its target populations; mostly customers and prospective investors. In creating a brand, the organization can therefre be at a position to influence the activities of many people. It is important to realize the fact that brand creation in itself is a way to create influence as the target group will start to identify itself with this brand. The biggest problem is not creating a brand but how to do it. The process of creating a brand involves many players as well as resources most significantly; financial. The organization utilized the various tools at its disposal to achieve these targets; these tools are mostly the various forms of communication that the company utilized to create efficient public relations. The company used methods such as blogs and websites (collateral literature) to gain market dominance in the internet circles (Baron, Conway Warnaby, 2010). Blogs allow the prospective customers and investors to ask for any clarifications on the operation of the organization. This allows the customer confidence to be boosted in the company and in so doing the customer and the investor groups can tag along to the activities of the organization. Websites also work in a similar fashion as blogs only that it is more convenient and detailed in its information. This way the organization managed to influence its target groups into joining its operations. Organizational values, ethos, structures, philosophies and designs are just but a few of the information common sighted in these sources. Added to these methods, the company utilized talk shows in the various media outlets to boost on the perception building process among its target customers. Talk shows are media through which an organization gets to showcase its range of activities to any interested persons. This is a job carried out by public relations professionals doubling up as spokespersons. The company also utilized the print media to establish their influence and their marketing brands. Working on a motivating philosophy, the organization managed to put advertisements and promotional activities on print media sources. These sources include books and other literary sources, local newspapers and newsletters. Brochures and the organizations magazine were also some of the methods used. So as to increase their popularity, the organization used publicity events otherwise referred to as stunts or pseudo-events (Smith, 2004). The organization also utilized desk visits to keep their dedicated and prospective customers in touch with their activities. In this case, public relation professionals took to journalists in the leading media houses the new products so as brief them of the new promotion schemes. Considering it is through the media houses that the larger percentage of the population gets to acquire information, the organization managed to establish their brand and consequently, their influence. Another way through which the organization managed to create their brand was through the use of direct communication methods to reach its constituents. The idea of carrying important messages and ideas to customers was a major representation of dedication on the part of the organization that managed to cultivate in the customers a sense of trust and appreciation. The organ ization also managed to assert their influence through organizing nationwide seminars and induction sessions in which they not only attracted new stakeholders on board but also made it possible for them to learn all the procedures and activities that shape up the organization. In this way, the organization managed to attract more customers and investors as well as other important stakeholders. The attraction process only represented in a big way the influence they had managed to create in the customers. Social media sites and their implication in the organizations operations The 21st century has witnessed a flurry of activities especially as concerns the internet developments. The olden days of telephony and e-mails have been overtaken by the present days and their sophisticated yet widely used methods of communication. These methods are mostly tied to the social media sites and their rapid development in the past few years. It is not uncommon to see most if not all business enterprises resorting to social sites to market their products to the numerous users. Social media sites can be described as technologies in the web and mobile sectors that manage to create interactive dialogues out of important communication. They can also be described as media for social interaction that allow its users to exchange user-generated information. It has acted to revolutionize the communication systems between the various groups that would be interacting to generate a business idea. Key to understanding the idea behind social media sites is the fact that they are intern et based and as such manage to bring into congruence the activities of various groups. In a bid to market their prices, social media sites have in their ranks various categories that business enterprises are exploring. The organization under discussion, being a profit making business enterprise, also utilized these social sites. Social media sites consist of sections such as bookmarking, news, networking, photo and video sharing and wikis (Hendricks, 2010). All these categories were incorporated by the organization and used effectively to bring the best out of them. Specific reference, though, can be made to the networking sites, photo and video sharing sites and lastly the wikis. In the networking sector, the company made use of facebook and twitter which are arguably the largest networking sites. Counting on the large user bases of these two sites, the organization posted links on their pages (especially for facebook) and making use of mini blogs (in the case of twitter) to nab a larger consumer base. As concerns the video sharing sites, the organization, being a communication oriented organization (mobile telephone Company), resorted to the use of the popular YouTube and videoconferenciing techniques to share information on their new technologies. For instance the money banking services recently launched by the organization were posted in YouTube for subscribers who are farfetched to see. This allowed the customers to learn the requi site techniques without necessarily being instructed at individual levels. The working of the wikis is rather understandable. The organization shared the necessary information such as specific dates and location as well as activities. This allows customers to acquire information about the organization in a rather easy fashion. These social sites have managed to propel the organizations image to the global stage thereby increasing its influence as well as popularity. However, it must also be noted that the use of media and social sites have also brought in their fair share of disadvantages. Considering social sites are merely informal sites that allow organizations or rather companies such as this to reach their customers, it is hard, therefore, that formal discussions would ever be promulgated. The process of disseminating important information would only be limited to very secretive or formal platforms. This would go a long way in hindering the development process especially if cer tain interested stakeholders cannot access these forums. Another huge threat posed by these sites is the fact that successful companies such as this, have to deal with the menace of hackers who are for all time on the lookout for information privy only to the members of the organization. A good example would be a hacker obtaining important documents such as the companys competitive advantages alongside other strengths. This is a serious problem that has been dubbed as cyber theft and is on the verge of killing the spirit of cyber technology or rather the internet progressions so far witnessed. Crisis faced by the organization Being a communications company, this organization mainly faces the threat of tariff regulation in the face of increased competitors. The communications industry is a very competitive one especially if it has many players on board. Having been, in the business for a long time the organization seemed to have taken over the mobile industry and as such set user friendly tariffs. However with increased competitors coming to the fore and lowering the billing rates, it is becoming increasingly important that the organization finds a way out. As such, the organization managed to resort to other inventions to keep its faithful customers. Considering the new entrants set very low tariff levels which in turn translate into very low billing rates, the organization decided to venture into other equally productive ventures so as to keep its turnover rates at constant levels at the same time maintaining its large customer base. To start with, the company has decided to introduce new tariff packs to counter the strategies adopted by the new market entrants. Apart from this, the organization decided to invent services such as mobile banking services as well inviting its consumer base to subscribe to its initial public offers (IPOs). These are measures adopted in the face of stiff competition especially in the sector of making calls so as to increase the efficiency levels of the company. The introduction of new ventures have helped in not only maintaining the large user base but also bringing in more customers especially in the rural areas who might not be in positions to access services such as banks. This is seen as strength and a competitive advantage that will take time to get imitated by any competitors. Comparisons to a non-profit organization Most non-profit making organizations are charity organizations and in other instances community initiated programs that are always at helping a category of persons within their areas of jurisdictions. Comparisons made between these two organizations could be on the basis of raising awareness and reaching their prospective customers. To this end, both types of organizations are deemed to be using the same methods in as far as public relations is concerned. In both cases, the use of the media and other social networks as discussed herein could be applicable (Vernon, 2002). This is to imply that even the non-profit making organizations would resort to wide spread advertisement schedules to obtain customers and various stakeholders such as financiers. The differences on their part are numerous considering the major goals of these two organizations are totally different. To start with, their mission or goals would be different. The profit making organization would stress on obtaining turn overs as well as increasing their operation areas while the non-profit making organizations would stress mainly in offering their services to their customers in the best possible ways. The other major difference, though not related to the aspect of public relations, would be in the payment of tax schedules. The profit making organization has a strict tax payment regime while the non-profit making organization has tax concession regimes that sees them operating at little or no costs. The only payments made by the non-profit making organization could be in the form of obtaining license fees. Conclusion The aspect of public relations is very important in the establishment of an efficient organization as it acts as the mirror by which the organization in question is known and therefore attention should be accorded to all channels of public relations. As seen from the company X discussed herein, it is important that organizations aiming to use the media and social sites to market themselves as well as their products or services do so in most commonly used sites. Without a doubt, the competition among organizations majoring in similar products would reach a high new level where the differences will be picked according to the public relation channels in existence. Buy custom Final Paper essay

Mandatory Sentencing Guidelines and Special Interest Groups as Policy Essay

Mandatory Sentencing Guidelines and Special Interest Groups as Policy Makers - Essay Example The intent of three-strikes (and even two-strikes) laws is to incapacitate selected violent offenders for very long terms-25 years or even life. They have no specific deterrent effect if those confined will never be released, but their general deterrent effect could, in theory, be substantial." In this regard, mandatory sentencing guidelines appear to be good policy when it comes to deterring potential criminals from committing crimes, but that is not necessarily the case if a criminal has already be incapacitated. It is more of a case of setting an example for others. There are pros and cons to mandatory sentencing, but they seem to vary upon different factors such as location in the country. First of all, let us take a look at the possession of handguns. The case study mentions, for example, possession of unlicensed handguns in Massachusetts and how the law has been effective there. The same law, however, has not been effective in Michigan and Florida. However, it has bee effective against homicide in Detroit, Jacksonville, Tampa, Miami, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, though it has not been effective against other types of violent crimes, such as sexual offenses (Case Study 3.2 2008). 2.

Genetic modification of foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genetic modification of foods - Essay Example Genetic engineering is the process of altering the genes of a species by transferring certain traits from the genes of other species into it. Genes are composed of DNA and constitute instructions which direct the cell production of proteins which in turn, facilitate the functions of the cell. Nevertheless, this is an act of meddling with the nature. These days various religious and public interest organizations, environmental activists and numerous other government and private agencies are raising their consent against the genetic modification of the foods. Agribusiness has received massive criticism for enhancing the profitability of the business with the genetic modification of food without care for the environment unfriendly side effects of the same. Owing to our limited knowledge, we are not able to identify many potential demerits of the practice of modifying the genes of the foods we consume. Nature knows its laws best and any attempt to improvise the nature of food does not co me without side effects. Genetic modification of foods yields both direct and indirect unfavorable consequences. Genetic modification may not necessarily make the crop harmful to eat, but may also generate negative effects for the environment in the course of cultivating the very crop. In the Nature study, pollen from the B.t. corn was found to cause the monarch butterfly caterpillars to die in large numbers (Whitman). This was a surprising discovery since monarch caterpillars feed upon the milkweed plants instead of corn. The most likely way for the corn pollen to make it to the caterpillars’ stomach requires wind to blow them and place them upon the milkweed plants. A lot of effort has conventionally been made to cultivate such B.t. toxin that kills just the crop-destroying pests, but hardly any has met with success. Not only the butterfly caterpillars, but also several other species of organisms are exposed to the risk by the B.t. toxins. â€Å"These genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can spread through nature and interbreed with natural organisms, thereby contaminating non 'GE' environments and future generations in an unforeseeable and uncontrollable way† (â€Å"What wrong with†). Thus, we are increasing the resistance of our crops against diseases on the cost of the life of various species and organisms which are not only harmless for us but also play a fundamental role in the beautification of nature. Genetic modification of food cultivates an allergen into it. â€Å"[A] soybean engineered to contain genes from a brazil nut was found to produce allergic reactions in blood serum of individuals with nut allergies† (Massey). These reactions are very serious and have the potential to be fatal. In this particular case, conducting test for the allergenic potential was easier because of the commonality of the nut allergies but it may not be quite as easier in other cases. Identifying the food item that might have instigated the a llergic reaction becomes very cumbersome when a familiar genetically engineered food starts producing unusual substances in the bloodstream. Sometimes, characteristics that have been induced in the food with positive intention can prove toxic in effect. For example, the Bt toxin that is produced by bacteria is conventionally deemed safe for the humans. Toxin in these bacteria sustains in the form of protoxin that yields negative effects for the insects after the digestive system of the insect has activated it. Humans lack sufficient knowledge about exposure to such a toxin form that is produced in activated form by the genetically modified Bt crops and existed before only in the insects’